Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both part of a cyclic process of biochemical reactions. Photosynthesis requires the products of aerobic respiration (carbon dioxide and water), while aerobic respiration requires the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen). Together, these reactions are involved in how cells make and store energy. The energy transfers in both processes and in how the gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs and the end products that result from each process are somewhat opposite processes, thus aerobic respiration and photosynthesis are in some ways complete opposites of each other. Photosynthetic organisms such as plants use solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. During respiration glucose is oxidised back to carbon dioxide, in the process, releasing energy that is captured in the bonds of ATP. Although these two energy producing processes differ in their uses and also their goals, they do have several similarities. Photosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place in the presence of sunlight, wherein plants manufacture their food and build stores of energy. This phenomenon occurs in chlorophyll containing plant cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in plant leaves that gives the plant its green colour. Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy and utilises it to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. These carbohydrates produced are used by the plants as a source of immediate energy for growth, reproduction, and absorption of nutrients. The chemical reaction produces oxygen which is released into the atmosphere. Photosynthesis can be summed up by the following equation 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  C6H1206 + 6O2, (fig1 below illustrates the process of photosynthesis) Occurring in the chloroplast light reaction converts solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.The light reactions use the solar power of photons absorbed by Photosystem I and II. These are light gathering antennas containing the chlorophyll primarily responsible for absorbing the light. Electrons are also carried from Photosystem I and II via NADPH to the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle uses ATP NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar.CO2 enters the cycle leaves as sugar. The sugar product of the Calvin cycle is not glucose but a 3 carbon sugar called 3-Phosphoglycerate. This 3- Phosphoglycerate with the addition of another phosphate group from ATP forms glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate .In order for one of these G3P molecules to be synthesised the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2.There are 3 phases of the Calvin cycle, the carbon fixation phase, the carbon reduction phase and the regeneration phase. Cellular respiration is the process of oxidising food molecules or breaking down chemical bonds of glucose into carbon dioxide and water. The energy released in the process is trapped in the form of ATP and used by different energy consuming activities of the cell. It is a set of metabolic reactions that unlike photosynthesis which occurs in the chloroplast, cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. The complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water involves two major steps: glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose that occurs in all the cells and produces two molecules of ATP. Aerobic respiration is the process in which the pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis undergoes further breakdown in the presence of oxygen and generates thirty four molecules of ATP. This reaction can be described as follows: C6H1206 + 602 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38 ATP)(fig2 below illustrates cellular respiration) Cellular respiration beginning here with glycolysis catabolises glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The net yield from glycolysis is 2 ATP 2 NADH per glucose. Electrons are carried from here to the electron transport chain via NADH. Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where it gets modified to Acetyl COA. This then enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle completes the oxidation of the organic fuel to CO2.Electrons produced here are carried via NADH FADH2 to the electron transport chain oxidative phosphorylation. In the Krebs cycle a further 2 ATP is produced. Once there has been a sufficient energy shuttle of NADH from glycolysis, a maximum yield of 34 ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. This then gives a maximum of 38 ATP produced. Photosynthesis is a reduction-oxidation reaction, just like respiration. In respiration energy is released from sugars when electrons associated with hydrogen are transported to oxygen (the electron acceptor), and water is formed as a by-product.   The mitochondria use the energy released in this oxidation in order to synthesize ATP.  In photosynthesis, the electron flow is reversed, the water is split (not formed), and the electrons are transferred from the water to CO2 and in the process the energy is used to reduce the CO2 into sugar. In respiration the energy yield is 686 kcal per mole of glucose oxidized to CO2, while photosynthesis requires 686 kcal of energy to boost the electrons from the water to their high-energy perches in the reduced sugar light provides this energy. Outlined above are the main differences between the two processes. However, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two processes that both involve electron transport chains and they both affect conc entrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy to the organisms cells. It is interesting to note the structural similarities between Chlorophyll, that plays an important role in photosynthesis and Haemoglobin that is involved in cellular respiration. Both structures are practically identical except for the fact that haemoglobin has a central Iron atom and chlorophyll possesses a central Magnesium atom. Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Where chlorophyll is known for its green pigment, haemoglobin is known for its deep red pigment. (Fig3 illustrates structural  Similarities). Both photosynthesis and respiration are also similar in that they both undergo chemiosmosis.Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by this same basic mechanism. In both kinds of organelles ,electron transport chains pump protons (H+)across a membrane from a region of low H+ concentration to an area of high H+ concentration. The protons then diffuse back across the membrane through ATP syntheses, driving the synthesis of ATP. To conclude from this, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the most vital biochemical pathways to life. They both include cycles, stages and many enzymes to function. Although their similarities can be easily recognised, it is their differences that make them stand apart as opposite processes. Photosynthesis requiring light in order to produce its end product, carbohydrate, and cellular respiration requiring carbohydrate in order to produce its end product energy.

Interpretation Paper of Luke 15

Interpretation Paper Luke 15 1. First Impressions What are your first impressions of this text? * Forgiveness, repentance, and diligence * In the Prodigal of the Lost Son the farmer celebrates the return of his son from a life of sin. Son’s sins are not what is celebrated rather his acknowledgement of his own sins and his repentance to his father. His father (the farmer) with a celebration forgives the son. * Both the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin reflect repentance, diligence and a form of forgiveness.In the Lost Sheep the man loses one sheep out of ninety-nine and searches for the one until it is found and rejoices in it. In the Lost Coin a women loses 1 coin out of 10 in her home. She cleans and sweeps until she finds the one coin and rejoices. What sounds interesting or strange to you? What do you think a 21st human being might hear in all this? * In this day and age the majority of people would search and work for the ninety-nine sheep and not the lost one, not for the one coin but for the nine others, and would reward the hardworking son over the lost son. Faith is usually not in God/Bible/Jesus but in making a profit of some sorts.Can you immediately think of a situation for which this story or these words might be helpful? * I read these words and I think of myself, my relationship with my family. The hard working, reliable daughter, who is reliable to a fault is finally able to do something with her life, received very little support. Compared to what they have done for my siblings with addiction issues. It makes me question my faith. Are there any important textual footnotes that apply to this text? * The footnotes name the parables and where each one is started and ended. 2. Translation StudyWhich of the three translations did you find the most readable to you? * Printed out the New International Version, the English Standard Version, and the American Standard Version. The New International Version was and is the m ost readable to me. What significant differences do you see in the text? * Punctuation, grammar, order of the words, and language 3. Word Study Which word do you think are most important to this text? * Lose/Lost, Rejoice/Rejoicing, Found/Find, Repent, Gathering, Joyfully What makes you think these words are important? * Many of the words are repeated and one is found in the title of the parables.What did you find out about each of these terms? * â€Å"Lost† – G622 – Apollymi – perish, destroy, lose, be lost, lost. The word lost is used forty-five times in forty-four different verses in the NIV. Blue Letter Bible. â€Å"Dictionary and Word Search for ‘†lost†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ in the NIV†. Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2012. 13 Oct 2012. < http:// www. blueletterbible. org/search/translationResults. cfm Criteria=lost&t=NIV > * â€Å"Rejoice† – G4796 – Sygchairo – to rejoice with, take part in another’s joy à ¢â‚¬â€œ to rejoice together, to congratulate. The word rejoice is used seven times in seven verses in the NIV. Blue Letter Bible. Dictionary and Word Search for sygchairo (Strong's 4796)†. Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2012. 13 Oct 2012. < http:// www. blueletterbible. org/lang/lexicon/lexicon. cfm Strongs=G4796&t=NIV > * â€Å"Found† – G2147 – Heurisko – to come upon, hit upon, to meet with – to find by enquiry, thought, examination, scrutiny, observation, to find out by practice and experience – to find out for one’s self, to acquire, get, obtain, procure. The word found is used 179 times in 166 verses. Blue Letter Bible. â€Å"Dictionary and Word Search for heurisko (Strong's 2147)†. Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2012. 13 Oct 2012. < http:// www. lueletterbible. org/lang/lexicon/lexicon. cfm strongs=G2147&t=NIV&page=3 > * â€Å"Repent† – G3341 – Metanoia – change of min as it appears to one who repents, of a purpose he has formed or of something he has done. The word repent is used twenty-two times in twenty-two verses. Blue Letter Bible. â€Å"Dictionary and Word Search for metanoia (Strong's 3341)†. Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2012. 13 Oct 2012. < http:// www. blueletterbible. org/lang/lexicon/lexicon. cfm Strongs=G3341&t=NIV > * â€Å"Gathering† – G1448 – Eggizo – to bring near, to join one thing to another – to draw or come near to, to approach.This word is used forty-two times in forty-one verses. Blue Letter Bible. â€Å"Dictionary and Word Search for eggizo (Strong's 1448)†. Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2012. 13 Oct 2012. < http:// www. blueletterbible. org/lang/lexicon/lexicon. cfm Strongs=G1448&t=NIV > 4. Grammatical Analysis Who are the principal subjects of the important verbs of this text? * Tax collectors, sinners, Pharisees, scribes Are those verbs active or passive? * Active and passive Are they past, p resent, or future tense? * Present and future Who are the direct objects? * Lost sheep, lost coin and lost son 5. Thought Progression/ContentSummarize the thought progression of the text. * Lost and Found – A man loses one sheep out of ninety-nine and goes in search of this lost sheep until he finds it. A woman loses one coin out of ten in her home. She cleans and searches until she finds this one coin. A father welcomes home a son who has sinned much to the dismay and anger of the older brother the sinful son is welcomed home. Each parable builds off of the other in depth and meaning. Have faith in the Lord and live a righteous life. Do this for each of the three sections of Luke 15. * The Parable of the Lost Sheep – A man loses one of sheep out of ninety-nine.He leaves is faithful flock behind in order to find the one that is lost. When he finds the lost sheep he takes its home and celebrates with his friends. Find joy in the one who repents then in the others who do not need to repent. * The Parable of the Lost Coin – A women has ten coins and loses one in her home. This woman cleans and searches until she finds the missing coin and when she finds it she celebrates with her friends. * The Parable of the Lost Son – A man with two sons is requested by the youngest to give him his share of an inheritance. The youngest son spends and loses all that was given to him and lives in poverty.After working for another he realizes that if he returns home to his family he will be cared for. The youngest sons returns home to his family and asks his father for forgiveness while admitting that he has sinned. His father welcomes him home with open arms and celebrates. The father’s oldest son is angered by this and questions the actions of his father. He, the oldest son, who has been loyal feels as if his father doesn’t love him, appreciate him. The father then states that because he has been so loyal to him that he the oldest son wi ll receive all that has belonged to his father. 6. Immediate Contextual StudySummarize the chapters and verses that immediately precede these? * Parable of the unfruitful fig tree * Healing of the crippled women on the Sabbath * Parable of the mustard seed * Parable of the yeast * Healing of a man with dropsy on the Sabbath * Humility Parable * Great dinner parable * The costs of discipleship What, if any impact does this text have upon their meaning or thought progression of this text? * These chapters are supportive of the thought progression in chapter 15. Summarize the chapters and verses which immediately follow this text. * The dishonest manager parable * Sayings * Parable of the rich man and Lazarus . Biblical Contextual Study Does the author deal with this subject anywhere else in this book or if he wrote another book, in that book? * In chapter 13, 14 and 16. Stories and parables of forgiveness, patience and faithfulness How does this author deal with this same event or sub ject matter in other places? * With the retelling of stories and parables. If the message of the whole Bible really is about God saving people, how do you think this fits in? * In order to â€Å"save† someone, anyone, a tremendous amount of love, patience and faith is needed. Love, patience and faith in yourself as well as the one being saved.

Essay on how man is destroying the Environment Essay

Man is an integral part of the environment, yet he is the arch-enemy of it. For centuries man has been thriving on its generosity. But in his quest to make life very simpler and more luxurious,, he has turned a blind eye to the damage caused to the environment. Our greed to get the most out of everything has made us contemptuously neglect the environment, although we all know that our very existence depends on it. A careful analysis of why there are imbalances in the environment will highlight numerous mistakes and aberrations on our parts. After doing so, I reason that there are certain traits in us that have led to the present situation. The first is the innate tendency to discriminate. After divining the world into geographical entities by drawing imaginary lines called ‘borders’, man has divided societies on the basic of color, creed, religion etc. The immediate effect of such division is bias. Primarily our world has been divided into major categories based on the qualities of life- developed and developing. Although the word ‘developed’ seems to have comforting implications, the problematic aspect is that these countries have not attained this status without damaging the environment. In fact, they have tampered with it to a great extent. Every element of the environment, be it land or water, has been exploited. The other category, the developing nations, is like a teenager who has just turned adult. He wants to enjoy every bit of comfort and freedom that was till now the prerogative of the developed nations. Lately both the developed and the developing nations woken up to the ramifications of damaging the environment. Various conference and summits have been held to find solutions to the problem. But the outcome of all these has been the same; no consensus has been reached on how to preserve the environment. The prime reason of the discord is the question of responsibility. Both the parties present their own set of arguments to evade the issue. The developing nations allege that it is the developed which have misused natural resources and hence, the onus is on them to preserve the environment and undo their actions that have led  to the present scenario. At the end of the day, the victim of this blame game is the environment, which is languishing due to mankind’s apathetic nature. In order to progress, every country needs to set up industries for manufacturing essential commodities. Both the developed and the developing nations have extensive set-up of such industries that cause more pollution than any other thing on the planet. The amount carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by these has already reached dangerous levels. Carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is the main cause of global warning. It has been reported that the average global surface temperature has risen by 0.56 degree C. One of the effects of this surge is that the Antarctic ice caps have stared melting thereby making the sea level rise. Based on their respective findings, concerted scientists fraternity has been trying to draw the attention of the policymakers to the grave situation that we have put ourselves in. Some lo-lying areas are already facing the threat of being submerged by rising sea levels. The increase in average temperature has also caused warming of sea waters. We all are well aware of EI Nino that occurs dues to warming of the Pacific. Countries, particularly those encircling the Pacific, are the worst affected by the weather disturbance that it brings along. Heat waves, one of such weather problems, kill a large number of people very year. The above paragraph present a global picture of discrimination and divided politics. Even within a country we find it very common. We do not have to rack our brains to find a suitable example. Our very own India has deeply entrenched caste lines. People of superior castes believe that certain activities should be carried out only by those from the lower strata of the society. Cleaning drains and toilets and picking rags from the streets are expected to be carried out by these people. If these workers go on leave, no individual from the upper echelons of the society would engage himself in such work. Young individuals from lower castes ni longer wants to continue with this petty work and want to pursue something that is socially more acceptable. It has widened the demand-and-supply gap resulting in squalid surroundings. If people understand their duties and change their outlook a  bit, the problem can be readily solved. As has been practiced in the developed countries for years now, home owners should themselves collect and dump the garbage at the local collection point. They should not look down upon this because keeping’s one’s surroundings clean is not dis-respectable. They should also not expect someone else to do this on their behalf just because that person stands lower on the social ladder. The second trait that has led to the damage of the environment is self-centeredness. The motto of people goes like â€Å"If it suits you, carry on and forget about everything else†. Unfortunately, the word â€Å"everything† is that seems to refer o the environment because it is that one thing which everyone tends to forget about. Again, no better example comes to mind other than India to substantiate this. Right from the festivals, to holiday trips to part celebrations, our actions disrupt the balance in nature. Starting with the festival many of them involve submerging sacred status in rivers or seas causing water pollution. Water bodies have self-cleaning ability, but if polluted beyond the saturation point they disturb the aquatic life . Many varieties of fish are known to have become endangered due to our negligence. Some festivals involve blasting crackers which causes air pollution. Not only this, stray animals suffer severe trauma because of the unbearable noise of crackers. Moving on to our overzealous vacation trips, we somehow damage the environment there also. Some of our hill stations have started getting warmer. The rise in temperature is partly due to the vehicles coming to these areas packed with visitors and emitting CO2 copiously. Such scenes have especially become common in places like Mussoorie, Shimla, Khandala, etc, which are close to major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, etc. People do not mind taking their high emission vehicles to these serene places, thus disturbing their ecology. And all this is due to inadequate government policies and the indifferent attitude of the people. It should not be surprising that after enduring so much, the environment also runs out of patience sometimes. And then its fury is unleashed. This is quite evident from the fact that the rise of sea level due to global warming is giving nightmares to scientists across the world. It is posing a serious hazard to the existence of a number of islands by threatening to wipe many  of them off the world map. Nature is hitting mankind back in some other spheres as well. In parts of Indian, climate changes due to heat wave render the crops useless and on occasions this happens right before the harvest. Being primarily an agrarian economy, it becomes very difficult for India to cope with such a challenge. This makes evident that the environment retorts whenever it is tampered. Another very compelling example is that of yaks, Yaks, that are suited to very cold climate and are confined only to upper regions of the mountains, are brought down to lowers areas where tourists throng because they are a major tourist attraction. Lately it has been found that these Yaks meet untimely death because their bodies are not able to adapt to the warmer conditions downhill. In turn there owners suffer heavy loss. Another area where meddling with environment can have dire consequences is land pollution. Whenever waste is not disposed of properly, the dump becomes the perfect breeding ground of pathogens resulting in epidermis such as plague and dengue. Other diseases such as asthma are one the rise in large cities where air pollution is more acute. The groundwater level has been plummeting in more of the cities due to improper use of the precious water resources. Whenever there us scarcity of water, people fight it out to get their share when the local water tankers arrives in their locality. These examples clearly, indicate that whenever man disturbs the environment balance, he is in fact digging his own grave. It is the time man undid the damage done to his surroundings. Both the developed and the developing nations should come together to protect the environment. Instead of questioning each other’s duties, they should collectively strive for a solution and step up their efforts to save the enviroement. In fact, every county should do its bit. Likewise we, in India, should cooperate with the government on its politics and also help formulate new ones to protect the environment. Closing the tap properly and switching off appliances when not in use are some of the basic appliances when not in use are some of the basic measures that require almost no effort on one’s part but still can make a huge difference. Other measures like using public transport, ensuring that surroundings are not polluted during festival celebrations can go al long way towards protecting environment. Effective advertising campaigns proper education imparted to poor people, involving  business hoses, etc, will also pave the way for a better environment. At the end of the day, we must understand that maintaining the balance would not only help us but more importantly, would ensure the very existence of life on Earth.

The United States Of America And Spain Essay - 1350 Words

The late 1800s was a high-tension and tumultuous time for both the United States of America and Spain. Spanish Colonialism had long been receding from its once powerful stronghold in the 16th and 17th centuries, and in the 1890s, the United States would make certain to diminish the last of Spain’s outlets. The precedent for the American, superpower perspective of the late 1800s is in large part due to President James Monroe’s Doctrine establishing the United States as the sole entity of social, political, and economic interest in the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine clearly spells out that any territorial advances (or in this case, any territorial claims, whatsoever) would be recognized as an act of aggression and the U.S. would act accordingly (hint, hint – war). This document shaped the United States as the sole enforcer of both commerce and democracy in the Western Hemisphere in the minds of its constituents. Thusly, it is the least bit unusual to see P resident McKinley asking to declare war against the Spanish in defense of his country’s interest. President William McKinley’s Declaration of War is written to the Congress of the United States as a plea to go to war in defense of American interests and the Cuban people. The document was written in 1898, and its objective was simple: persuade Congress to allow him to declare war. Although the document may shape William McKinley as a strong proponent of the now called Spanish-American War, he very much wished toShow MoreRelatedWhy Did The United Stated Of America Expand After The 1890 s?1721 Words   |  7 PagesRamirez Mr. Rustigian Period 5 Modern United States History 7 November 2014 Why did the United Stated of America expand after the 1890’s? The mid-1800s through the early 1900s was known as the Age of Imperialism; dominant nations were all contesting to expand their power throughout much of the world. 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The Environmental Problem Of Global Warming Essay

Global warming Name: Institution: Course: Date: Global warming The main environmental problem facing the world today is global warming. Many scientists believe that production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases has a heating effect on the atmosphere, and this could be very dangerous for human life. This essay will examine the problem of global warming and suggest some ways of solving the problem. Numerous issues could come about because of global warming. One of the problems is the rising of the ocean level. This results to flooding in low lying beachfront territories and urban areas, for example, Egypt, the Netherlands, and Bangladesh. An alternate issue brought on by global warming is changes in weather patterns; they are no longer easy to predict. Numerous regions of the world are encountering expanded typhoons, surges, and other strange climate designs. A third issue connected to global warming is the impact on water creatures such as Fish. There are a few things that can be done to tackle the issue of global warming furthermore decreasing its far reaching impacts. One arrangement involves reducing the excessive production of carbon dioxide. This is possible by changing from oil, coal and gas to renewable energy likewise alluded to as practicing environmental awareness. An alternate conceivable arrangement is planting more trees. Trees retain carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, which is not a green house gas. A third arrangement is to utilize lessShow MoreRelatedThe Environmental Problems Of Global Warming1486 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Human population rise, industrilisation and the increased requirement for natural resources has led to many environmental problems, beside global warming. With reference to specific examples, discuss those environmental problems and their possible solutions.† â€Å"Modern humans deeply influence the form and function of the ecosphere† (Hugget et al: 2004). 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Data Mining And Social Networking - 1890 Words

Abstract - In the Data mining process, we can identify the patterns in the data that is hard to find using normal analysis. Several Mathematical and statistical algorithms are used in this approach to determine the probability of the event or scenario. The main aim of this process in terms of technical representation is to find the correlation amongst the attributes. There is a huge amount of discovery being carried out in this field creating a huge scope and jobs in this area. Several data mining algorithms are present that could determine different features present in the data that could lead in prediction and future analysis. Main Study report would consist of these algorithms that could help us predict and some sample data that we†¦show more content†¦One of most common example of the social network is the electrical power grids, telephone calls, WWW etc. To elaborate more in detail exchange of email inside organization, chat rooms, and friendships are few of the Sociology examples. Following techniques used for data analysis, pre-processing, and data interpretation processes in the data analysis subject. The survey illustrates different data mining techniques used in mining diverse aspects of the social network over centuries going from the historical techniques to the up-to-date models, including our novel technique. Searching social networks can help us better understand how, we can reach other people. Adding to this research on small worlds, with their relatively small part between nodes, can help us design networks that facilitate transmission of data or other resources without having to exhale the network with many duplicate connections. Recent studies have shown that the nodes’ degrees, that is, the number of edges inclined to each node, and the distances between a pair of nodes, as captured by the shortest path length. To reduce clutter, we can cluster people who reference each other, and only show links within clusters. The average number of steps required to reach any other node. The data comprising social networks tend to be heterogeneous, multi-relational, and semi-structured. As a result, a new field of research hasShow MoreRelatedSocial Networks And The Field Of Social Network Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagessearch engines, emails, and social networks. 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Police Brutality misc2 Essay Example For Students

Police Brutality misc2 Essay It was April 29, 1992 and it was my twelve birthday. My mom gave me a little chocolate cake with a plastic surfer riding a wave on top of it. We were watching television while I was getting ready to blow out my candles. There was a disturbance in South Central Los Angeles that the news helicopters were covering on every channel. There were crowds of people flooding the intersection of Florence and Normandy acting rowdy and getting aggressive toward passing cars. They stopped cars and pulled people out of them. The news cameras were right on top of it all of the way. Reginald Deny was taken out of his semi-truck and severely beaten. You could see people enthused about beating this defenseless man. One man grabbed a brick and threw it at Denys head then began to dance with enthusiasm. The majority of the crowd were black and they were harassing any other race that happened to go through their neighborhood. The crowd got out of control setting fire to cars and the violence was quickly spreading to other blocks around the neighborhood. I continued to eat my cake as I watched the news broadcasting the surging violence. The crowd was reacting to the acquittal, just hours earlier, of the four police officers in the beating of Rodney King2 . People couldnt believe the outcome. The beating of Rodney King was videotaped and shown over and over to the public. People believed that finally there was going to be justice. They believed that there was clear-cut evidence showing what has been complained about for years. Finally people who had never believed the accounts of police brutality existed witnessed it for themselves. Finally the public as a whole could react and try to control the officers that abuse their power. But instead, the officers were acquitted, and the public felt betrayed. Especially the black community who was fed up with their complaints falling on deaf ears. They were fed up and they resorted to rioting. For five days the violence persisted and spread further and further out of the ghetto reaching across the borders of the black communities of South Central and into adjacent neighborhoods. The subject of police brutality was thrown into the eyes of the public. People could no longer ignore the problem and the city of Los Angeles was made the example of citizens frustrations in clouds of smoke and looted communities . Police brutality is defined as the unauthorized exercise of police discretion where the policeman acts without the formal capacity to impose legal sanctions (Rucheelman 133). The officers are given the power to use their best judgment in all situations. The main complaint is that the police often use force that is unnecessary. The police argue that they use force in order to protect themselves. The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics (International Association of Chiefs of Police) begins as follows: As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence and disorder; and to respect the Constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality, and justice (Ruchelman 17). It later addresses prejudices and violence stating: I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendships to influence my decisionsI will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities (Ruchelman 17). The line between police brutality and the proper force used in any situation is not always clearly drawn. Police officers are in constant danger and need to control people in order to handle certain situations. Police officers need to calculate the amount of force needed as their situations develop. .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c , .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .postImageUrl , .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c , .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c:hover , .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c:visited , .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c:active { border:0!important; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c:active , .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf28d71a31fb2013a23bc7da1cd88c82c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Are we illiterate Essay Their are two kinds of police brutality. One occurs when emotions run high for example, during mass demonstrations or riots. The other kind is carried out systematically and regularly in the line of duty and is often times fueled by stress, frustration, racial intolerance or for intimidation. The second type of misconduct is deliberate and calculating and is potentially more disturbing to .