The Ways in Which Toni Morrison Portrays Negative Representations of her Female Characters - Free Essay Example

To Explore the Ways in Which Toni Morrison Portrays Negative Representations of her Female Characters and How She Goes Further to Challenge These Representations in Relation to Black Feminist Thought Introduction Toni Morrison is considered to be one of the most popular and most important authors of the 20th Century, especially considering that much of her literary work has actively challenged the stereotypes that have been imposed on African American women throughout history. The characters in her novels are beautifully crafted in order to allow the reader to explore their journeys and the way in which they are presented, thus questioning the perspective of history that has been created. However, many of the stereotypes have undoubtedly stuck in the African American conscious and so it is necessary to initially perpetuate women in those images prior to examining exactly how to expel those stereotypes for good. According to Ghaly, â€Å"Rethinking the traditional perspectives on identity and its relation to culture, [Morrison] eschew binary logic to explore multiple forms and root causes of social marginality.† As such, with this in mind, this essay will examine the African American female self in its stereotypical form within Morrisons work and how it is constructed in relation to black feminist thought. This will be done with a view to concluding that Morrison undoubtedly goes some way to dispelling such negative representations and furthers the achievements of black feminism thought in the process. The book used for examination will be Sula (1973). Black Feminist Thought and Negative Stereotypes Patricia Hill Collins is one of the foremost scholars concerning the way in which African American women have been portrayed since the 19th Century, offering analysis as to how and why many black authors, intellectuals and prominent figures have been able to challenge stereotypes over the years. She stated that: â€Å"Black women intellectuals have laid a vital analytical foundation for a distinctive standpoint on self, community, and society and, in doing so, created a multifaceted, African-American womens intellectual tradition.† Collinss argument is indeed correct in that numerous authors have provided a firm analysis of the races female self through the eyes of the individual rather than the dominant white perspective. In highlighting this, Collins has also identified numerous themes, or â€Å"six distinguishing features that characterize Black feminist thought may provide the common ground that it so sorely needed both among African-American women, and between African American women and all others whose collective knowledge or thought has a single purpose.† Those six areas that provide common ground and thus a common feminine experience are work and family, controlling matriarchs, self-definition, sexual politics, love relationships, motherhood and activism. Although these six areas provide common ground and thus can also form a collective identity of African American womanhood, they also provide the foundation of negative representations. Dubey states that â€Å"the black writer must replace negative stereotypes with positive images.† However, the use of the term â€Å"replace† gives the impression that negative stereotypes should be ignored rather than examined and developed in order to expel them, ensuring that female characters are allowed to evolve into positive images. Conversely, Collins advocates empowerment via experience and consciousness and that implies exorcising negative representations by exploring them thoro ughly in order to humanise the black female experience. Morrison subscribes to this particular perspective, as her characters prove. However, it is necessary to explore the characters in Sula in order to assess whether or not she goes further to challenging representations in relation to black feminist thought or not. The Whore and the Good Wife Morrison offers two specific characterisations of the negative stereotypes that had traditionally been foisted on African American women – the whore and the good wife. The former is of course a means of describing Sula and the latter her â€Å"good† counterpart, Nel. The relationship between the two serves as one of the â€Å"black womens friendships† that Collins states are vital to expelling negative representations. However, before examining the relationship between the two, it is important to examine the stereotypes they present individually. Sula is the promiscuous black woman that steps neatly into the role of whore at first glance as a result of her attitude towards sex and thus womanhood:   â€Å"To Sula, sex is disconnected from emotion, a disembodied act of the body that allows her to feel a sorrow unattainable through any other means.† Although this highlights the aspect of the negative stereotype that suggests that black women are promiscuo us by nature, it also hints at a far deeper significance that the act itself adopts for Sula, thus challenging the traditional representation. This is reinforced in the description of her upbringing that is offered by Morrison. Her mother â€Å"taught Sula that sex was pleasant and frequent, but otherwise unremarkable.† As such, the stereotype presented by the character is effectively created by a maternal liberal attitude towards sex rather than it being an innate destructive quality that she was born with, as the traditional stereotype suggests. This directly challenges the stereotype by humanising the figure of the whore and thus also dispels the negativity associated with it, regardless of how taboo the subject of promiscuity may be. However, the stereotype of the whore, which Sula is designed to both embody and challenge within the book, is not only challenged via the use of the her back story but also via her attitude towards sex: â€Å"For Sula, sex becomes a means to assert herself and to defy social convention. She seduces her best friends husband and is accused of the worst degradation of all: sleeping with white men.† As Collins highlights, African American women were traditionally used by white men and objectified as a result. However, in the case of Sula the roles are reversed. She actively uses men to feel alive, to explore who she is and to form her own self-identity that does not depend on conforming to the social expectations that were imposed on African American women at that point in time. Sula is therefore not a whore but instead a woman simply searching for her place in the world, thus rendering her race incidental. Finding that sex put her â€Å"in a position of surrender, feeling her own abiding strength and   limitless power†, Sula explores her true self by rejecting the accepted boundaries of sex and forming her own expectations of life: â€Å"Single-handedly, she rejects the values of the margin to which she belongs, a margin that mirrors the centre in that it represses any stirrings of discontent.†Sulas discontent is tangible and thus renders the stereotype of the whore a societal construction that is designed to oppress rather than a viable label with which it is possible to brand her. Morrison therefore uses the themes established by Collins in order to examine the negative representation of the whore and pushes back the boundaries that had previously been imposed with little understanding of what drove the women perceived as promiscuous. Even though the entire community condemned Sula, including her best friend Nel, the judgement is subtly passed by Morrison on them for not embracing the collective conscious rather than Sula herself. The whore is not the only negative representation of the African American woman that black feminist thought has acknowledged and tried to dispel. The timid good wife who absolves her husband of all fault is another. The role is filled by Nel i n Sula: â€Å"Nel, Sulas complementary â€Å"other,† is presented as the prim and proper child who grows up to be a selfless wife and mother who unquestioningly conforms to the stereotypes of womanhood. She is everything   that Sula was supposed to become but did not and would not.† She is subordinate to Jude, her husband, keeps house, remains faithful and never goes against her man in any way. In essence, she releases her own identity in order to assume that of her husband, thus meaning that she has no identity and so cannot be said to be living her life on her own terms as Sula is. The two girls contrast greatly but Morrison ensures that they share one element of their lives – that their characters and thus representations are not inevitable but instilled. Just as Sulas promiscuity is encouraged, so is Nels role of the good wife: â€Å"Under Helenes hand   the girl became obedient and polite. Any enthusiasms that little Nel showed were calmed by the mothe r until she drove her daughters imagination underground.† She was forced to relinquish her identity and only ever retained it when around Sula, with whom she shares a sisterhood that Collins advocates as being essential in dispelling stereotypes. However, that sisterhood is negated by the conscience of the good wife: â€Å"And Nel creates a scapegoat in Sula to absolve Jude of deliberate acts of moral evil, marital infidelity and familial desertion, which destroy their marriage. Nel abnegates Judes potential for evil.†. The wife overtakes the sisterhood, thus subverting the notion of community once again. However, although the good wife stereotype is adhered to initially, Morrison later challenges it via a process of self realisation, self determination and the discovery of an autonomous identity. The realisation comes as Nel rejects the stereotype. Marriage is consistently perceived as damaging by Morrison. She states the following in relation to the institution and its effect on women like Nel, the good wife: â€Å"Those with husbands had folded themselves into starched coffins, their sides bursting with other peoples skinned dreams and bony regrets† In doing so, she highlights the importance of other elements of life through the eyes of Nel and Sula with particular emphasis on friendship. However, it is Sula who initially realises the value of friendship in black womanhood: â€Å"She had been looking all along for a friend, and it took her a while to discover that a lover was not a comrade and could never be – for a woman.† This is somewhat ironic given the fact that she threw that friendship away by sleeping with Nels husband. However, Sula dies without having been given Nels forgiveness. It is not until after her death that Nel realises the true nature of friendship between African American women, as per Collinss examination of black feminist thought and Morrisons will to push the women further in order to dispel stere otypes: â€Å"It is only after Sulas death and burial that Nel realizes that it has been Sula – not Jude – whom Nel has missed through the years.† In short, according to Morrison, it is the love of the sisterhood that is necessary to survive and nurture an identity instead of the institution of marriage. This undoubtedly rejects the stereotypes of the whore and the good wife because it negates the role of men in general, thus empowering women to forge their own destinies. This is undoubtedly an evolution of black feminist thought rather than in keeping with it. Conclusion In conclusion, Morrison uses her characterisations of Sula and Nel in order to thoroughly examine the viability of African American female stereotypes and effectively offers enough proof as to why they must be challenged and dispelled. They not only mask the true nature of what it means to be a woman but also set her alone when in fact the collective conscious defies the imposition of any such stereotype. Collinss theory as to the nature of African American womanhood via black feminist thought provides an excellent foundation for understanding Morrisons work, but she goes above and beyond the values and factors offered by Collins in order to ensure that the novel undoubtedly goes some way to dispelling such negative representations and furthers the achievements of black feminism thought in the process. In Sula and Nel, the whore and the good wife are undoubtedly negated in favour of friendship, identity and true black womanhood. Bibliography Beaulieu, Elizabeth Ann, 2006. Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and About Women of Color. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Collins, Patricia Hill, 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge. Davis, Anita Price, 1998. Toni Morrisons Sula. Piscataway, NJ: Research Education Association. Dubey, Madhu, 1994. Black Women Novelists and the Nationalist Aesthetic. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press. Eckard, Paula G., 2002. Maternal Body and Voice in Toni Morrison, Bobbie Ann Mason, and Lee Smith. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. Ghaly, Salwa, 2004. Evil Encounters with â€Å"Other† in Tayeb Salih and Toni Morrison: The Case of Mustafa Saeed and Sula Peace. In Richard Paul Hamilton Margaret Sonser Breen eds. The Thing of Darkness: Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 21-36. Jennings, La Vinia Delois, 2008. Toni M orrison and the Idea of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Morrison, Toni, 1987. Sula. New York: Penguin Books. Salwa Ghaly, 2004. Evil Encounters with â€Å"Other† in Tayeb Salih and Toni Morrison: The Case of Mustafa Saeed and Sula Peace. In Richard Paul Hamilton Margaret Sonser Breen eds. The Thing of Darkness: Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 21-36, p. 21. Patricia Hill Collins, 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, pp. 2-3. Patricia Hill Collins, 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, p. 22. Madhu Dubey, 1994. Black Women Novelists and the Nationalist Aesthetic. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, p. 94. Patricia Hill Collins, 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerme nt. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, p. 103. Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu,   2006. Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and About Women of Color. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 827. Toni Morrison, 1987. Sula. New York: Penguin Books, p. 44. Madhu Dubey, 1994. Black Women Novelists and the Nationalist Aesthetic. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, p. 91. Paula G. Eckard, 2002. Maternal Body and Voice in Toni Morrison, Bobbie Ann Mason, and Lee Smith. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, p. 56. Patricia Hill Collins, 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, p. 135. Toni Morrison, 1987. Sula. New York: Penguin Books, p. 123. Salwa Ghaly, 2004. Evil Encounters with â€Å"Other† in Tayeb Salih and Toni Morrison: The Case of Mustafa Saeed and Sula Peace. In Richard Paul Hamilt on Margaret Sonser Breen eds. The Thing of Darkness: Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 21-36, p. 29. Toni Morrison, 1987. Sula. New York: Penguin Books, p. 120. Salwa Ghaly, 2004. Evil Encounters with â€Å"Other† in Tayeb Salih and Toni Morrison: The Case of Mustafa Saeed and Sula Peace. In Richard Paul Hamilton Margaret Sonser Breen eds. The Thing of Darkness: Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 21-36, p. 29. Toni Morrison, 1987. Sula. New York: Penguin Books, p. 18. Patricia Hill Collins, 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, p. 191. La Vinia Delois Jennings, 2008. Toni Morrison and the Idea of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51. Toni Morrison, 1987. Sula. New York: Penguin Books, p. 122. Toni Morrison, 1987. Sula. New York: Penguin Bo oks, p. 121. Anita Price Davis, 1998. Toni Morrisons Sula. Piscataway, NJ: Research Education Association, p. 9.

The Renaissance As An Age Of Gold - 1864 Words

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The Anticipatory Self Defence Of The Usa Against Terrorists International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1429 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction The United States of America has suffered various terrorist actions over the last three decades  [1]  . A more recent issue and more important event is the September 11 attack or (9/11), which has raised many issues in the area of international law because the U.S.A and its allies have started their campaign in the War on Terror. This campaign has been considered by the US as a case of war, which includes military force and, as the UK government has also stated, political and financial measures.  [2]  The U.S.A has justified the war on terror as being in self-defense, a contention which has raised many controversial points about the right of self-defense. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Anticipatory Self Defence Of The Usa Against Terrorists International Law Essay" essay for you Create order There are many arguments about the use of force based upon the right of self- defense; the con argument relies on the Nicaragua case  [3]  and Article 51 of the UN Charter  [4]  , and does not justify the use of force in the war on terror because that it may violate the Geneva Conventions regarding the peace and the sovereignty of states  [5]  . Whereas the pro argument for exercising the right of anticipatory self-defense relies on the Caroline case  [6]  and the weakness of the international law, and thereby attempts to justify the use of force in the war on terror. However, this paper will attempt to find the connection between the pro and con arguments to figure out the legality of the war on terror by examining the two sides justifications such as the Caroline and Nicaragua Cases.SIEMENS2010-08-31T07:31:00 Insert Citation into footnote for all cases including page number if necessary if you are quoting from it Article 51 of the UN Charter states that: N othing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.  [7] According to Article 51, the state under attack has the right to defend its territory from that attack  [8]  . In actual fact, the defending state is limited by some conditions such as the occurrence of the armed attack, and in reporting to the UN Security Council.  [9]  First, the most controversial point is defining an armed attack because Article 51 allows force only in the event of an armed attack from another state.  [10]  Therefore, the use of force in self- defense is prohibited if there is no real attack. Moreover, the argument of anticipatory self defense, which is used as the justification for the war on terror is, according to Article 51, illegal.  [11]  Furthermore, the anticipat ory self-defense in the Nicaragua case requires the state defend its territory from other state.  [12]  Recognizing that the war on terror is not against a specific state because it is a war against aon the terrorist group, and in addition that the September 11 attack is not considered to beas an attack from another state, so the use of force as self- defense is not legal. In comparison When comparingbetween the rebels in theof Caroline Case  [13]  and the terrorists in the September 11 attack, both the rebels  [14]  and the terrorists fought out of their states, and attacked other state possessions. For example, the terrorists attacked the World Trade Centre buildings which meants attacking the economy of the state  [15]  , and the rebels  [16]  attacked the British ships and burned themit. Also, the rebels attacked the British military in Canada  [17]  , and the terrorists attacked the Defense Ministry  [18]  . Therefore, the anticipatory self defens e can be justified in customary international law. Therefore, according to Based upon the Caroline case  [19]  the U.S.A attack against Afghanistan is justified and legal. In addition, the iInternational cCourt of Jjustice stated in the Nicaragua case that is illegal for a state to send irregular forces into another country  [20]  . Iindeed, relevant here is thein concept of the state sponsored terrorism, which is describes whered athe state givesthat support terrorists in military , diplomatic, orand financial support. Military supporting is includesing the training of the terrorists and supplying them with weapons  [21]  . Diplomatic support is includesing the issuing of fake passports, and helping to transport the weapons through the diplomatic pouches  [22]  . Financial support is includes supplyinging the supplement of food and medical treatment to terroristssm and medical treatment  [23]  . ForIn these reasons, it seems that since some of the terrorists cam e from Afghanistan and sincesent some of the terrorists who they are also considered to beas irregular combatants againstto the U.S.A, and because the Afghan government because it refused to extradite the leader of al-Qaeda to the U.S.A government, and hadit harbored and supported the al-Qaeda organization  [24]  that. As a result, the anticipatory self defense against Afghanistan is justified because the terrorists and rebels inin the Caroline case have a similarity of positions. Also, al-Qaeda is contributed to Afghanistan, so Afghanistan harbored al-Qaeda members and trained them in its territory and supported them by supplying food and medical treatment.  [25] In contrast, the Caroline case and the September 11 attack differ in several respectsare not similar in several reasons. First, the rebels in the Caroline case have attacked the British forces in Canada several times in the same territory  [26]  ;, even if the terrorists have attacked the U.S.A embassies or an y property of the U.S.A, thesebut the attacks were in several places and they attacked the U.S.A in its home territory only once. Second, the Caroline rebels hadve ambitions to take the land of Canada from the British government  [27]  , whilebut the terrorists attack was infor protesting against the U.S.As foreign policies  [28]  . As Brian Jenkins stated, that the terrorists do not usually want kill a lot of people, however but they do want a lot of people to watch what theyterrorists have done, and to listen to what theyerrorists have said.  [29]  Third, the Caroline rebels organization whas located in Canadiana territory which is belonged to the British government  [30]  , whereas the terrorists organization was located in Afghanistan. Finally, the U.S.A and Canada are neighbors, also the U.S.A has its predecessor in the revolution inon the British government, and that posed an imminent threat and danger against the Britain, whereas the Afghanistan territory is f ar away from the U.S.A, and also in comparison the Afghani forces areis weaker than the American forces. Furthermore, in the Nicaragua case the International Court of Justice has found the U.S.A had violated the international treaties coveringof customary international law by violatinginterfered in Nicaraguan territory, and it refused the U.S.As justification of self defense  [31]  . In the review of these arguments, it is difficult to say that the anticipatory self defense in the war against terrorism is legal or not. On one hand, the anticipatory self defense is conditioned covered in Article 51 by the existence of the armed attack, and the permission of the UN Security Council. Furthermore, the concept of sovereignty, which was born in the Ttreaty of Westphalia, had prohibitsed the intervention of any state into another states internal affairs.  [32]  On other hand, the terrorism is an international problem , so the states should co-operate to stop it. Iindeed, the use of force in anticipatory self defense in accordance with Article 51 and the international treaties is illegal  [33]  . Also , Furthermore, the state sovereignty was conditionaled onby the success of the state defined asto providinge a good treatment to itstheir citizens because the Charter of United Nations in Article 2 has urges themd to promote Democracy and to protect human rights.  [34] Conclusion Knowing that tThe similarity between the terrorists and the Carolines rebels and the conditions of the concept of state sovereignty can justify the anticipatory self- defense, whereas the differences between the terrorists and Carolines rebels and the original concept of sovereignty can not justify the anticipatory self- defense. Therefore, the use of force in anticipatory self defense is illegal accordance with Article 51 and the customary international law. However, tThe use of force in anticipatory self defense logically is legal in some cases  [35]  . BibiliographyUser2010-09-03T20:29:00 Duffy, Helen, the War on Terror and the fFramework of Iinternational Llaw (Cambridge University Press, 4th ed, 2007). Hamid, Adul gGhafur, The Llegality of aAnticipatory sSelf-defense in the 21st cCentury wWorld oOrder: A Re-appraisal [2007] Netherlands International Review 441. International Council On Human Rights policy, Human Rights after September (January 2002) https:// www. ICHP.org/files/reports/29/118_report_en.pdf Ulfsten, Geir, Terrorism and the use of force (2003), 34(2) Security Dialogue 153 http:sdi.sagepub.ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/content/34/2/153.full.pdf. Wood, Michael, SIEMENS2010-09-02T18:26:00 Write the bibiliography in separate paper using Austarlian Guide to Legal Citation

4 Creative Ways to Analyze Plays

As students we remember sitting through countless lectures in which the instructor waxed eloquently about dramatic literature, while the class listened patiently, taking notes now and then. Today, as teachers, we certainly love to lecture about Shakespeare, Shaw, and Ibsen; after all, we love to hear ourselves talk! However, we also love student involvement, the more creative, the better. Here are a few ways for students to exercise their imagination while analyzing dramatic literature. Write (and Perform?) Additional Scenes Since plays are meant to be performed, it makes sense to encourage your students to act out some of the scenes in the play. If they are an energetic and outgoing group, this can work splendidly. However, it might be that your English class is filled with rather shy (or at least quiet) students who will be reluctant to read Tennessee Williams or Lillian Hellman out loud. Instead, have students work in groups to write a brand new scene for the play. The scene could take place before, after, or in-between the playwrights storyline. Note: Tom Stoppard did an excellent job of writing scenes that take place in between Hamlet. Its a play called Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. Another example some students will be more likely to appreciate would be Lion King 1 1/2. Consider some of these possibilities: Write a scene set ten years before Death of a Salesman. What was the main character like before he had children? What was his career like in the early days?Write a scene that shows what happens between Hamlets Act III and IV. Many dont realize that Hamlet hangs out with pirates for a while. Id love to know what happens between the Danish prince and the band of buccaneers.Write a new ending to Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. Reveal what Nora Helmer does the day after she leaves her family. Does her husband win her back? Does she find a new sense of purpose and identity? During the writing process, the students may remain true to the characters, or they may spoof them or modernized their language. When the new scenes are finished, the class can take turns performing their work. If some groups would rather not stand in front of the class, they can read from their desks. Create a Comic Book Bring some art supplies to class and have students work in groups to illustrate a graphic novel version of the play or a critique of the playwrights ideas. Recently in one of my classes, students were discussing Man and Superman, George Bernard Shaws battle-of-the-sexes comedy that also contemplates Nietzsches ideal of a human, the Superman or ÃÅ"bermensch. While creating a literary response in comic book form, the students took the Clark Kent/Superman character and replaced him with a Nietzschean superhero who selfishly ignores the weak, hates Wagner operas, and can leap existential problems in a single bound. They had fun creating it, and it also displayed their knowledge of the plays themes. Some students might feel insecure about their drawing abilities. Assure them that it is their ideas that matter, not the quality of the illustrations. Also, let them know that stick figures are an acceptable form of creative analysis. Drama Rap Battles This works especially well with the complex works of Shakespeare. This activity can produce something incredibly silly. If there are sincere urban poets in your classroom, they might compose something meaningful, even profound. Take a soliloquy or a two-person scene from any Shakespearean play. Discuss the meaning of the lines, clarifying the metaphors and mythical allusions. Once the class understands the basic meaning, have them work in groups to create a modernized version through the art of rap music. Heres a brief albeit corny example of a rapping version of Hamlet: Guard #1: Whats that sound?Guard #2: All around—I dont know.Guard #1: Dont you hear it?Guard #2: This Denmark place is haunted by an evil spirit!Horatio: Here comes Prince Hamlet, hes a melancholy Dane.Hamlet: My mother and my uncle are driving me insane!Yo Horatio - why did we come out here?Theres nothing in the forest for me to fear.Horatio: Hamlet, dont get upset and dont go mad.And dont look now-Hamlet: ITS THE GHOST OF MY DAD!What is this apparition with eyes that fright?Ghost: I am thy fathers spirit who does forever walk the night.Your uncle killed your daddy, but that aint the bomb-That big jerk went and married your Mom! After each group is finished, they can take turns delivering their lines. And if someone can get a good beat-box going, all the better. Warning: Shakespeare might be spinning in his grave during this assignment. For that matter, Tupac might start spinning as well. But at least the class will have a good time. Standing Debate Set Up: This works best if students have room to stand up and move about freely. However, if that is not the case, divide the classroom into two sides. Each side should turn their desks so that the two large groups face each other—they should be ready to engage in some serious literary debate! On one side of the chalkboard (or whiteboard) the instructor writes: AGREE. On the other side, the instructor writes: DISAGREE. In the middle of the board, the instructor writes an opinion based statement about the characters or ideas within the play. Example:  Abigail Williams  (the antagonist of The Crucible) is a sympathetic character. The students individually decide if they agree or disagree with this statement. They move to either the AGREE SIDE of the  room or the DISAGREE SIDE. Then, the debate begins. Students express their  opinions and state-specific examples from the text to support their argument. Here are some interesting topics for debate: Hamlet truly goes insane. (He’s not just pretending).Arthur Miller’s  Death of a Salesman  accurately criticizes the  American Dream.Anton Chekhov’s plays  are more tragic than comic. In a standing debate, the students should feel free to change their minds. If someone comes up with a good point, the fellow classmates might decide to move to the other side. The instructor’s goal is not to sway the class one way or another.  Instead, the teacher should keep the debate on track, occasionally playing devil’s advocate to keep the students thinking critically. Generate Your Own Creative Analysis Activities   Whether you are an English teacher, a home school parent or you are just looking for an imaginative way to respond to literature; these creative activities are just a few of the endless possibilities.

Housekeeping in Hotels Personnel Turnover, Cultural...

1. Executive Summary. Housekeeping department is extremely important to any hotels. Housekeeping staff play significant roles as well. That is why you need to minimized personal turnover by monetary and non-monetary bonuses, trainings, good schedule, etc. As an option, you may do it by achieving cultural diversity at that particular department. Also cultural diversity will benefit your organization by different ideas from employees with different background. You could satisfy customers from any country or area. As well minimized absenteeism improves employee’s knowledge of their duty. So it will make them understand the importance of safety and security management of the hotel. Good-natured and well-trained employees will benefit your†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Did you have a clear understanding of the job? †¢Was your training adequate? †¢Did anything prevent you from being able to perform your job? †¢How different is your new job from the one you had here? Analyze the results: †¢Are the same positions turning over? †¢What are the common reasons? †¢Have you conducted an employee survey? Here I will suggest some benefits that could motivate employee to stay and work well for your company (as well see Appendices, Table2). The most common option is financial incentives to retain staff. In addition to the wage increase, you may include a system of bonuses. Many employers choose to offer their employees benefits that are not mandatory. Such benefits include: Health Care Insurance, Disability Insurance, Life Insurance, Retirement /Pension Plans, Flexible Compensation, etc. Undoubtedly this list can go on forever, for example there are certain companies that even pay for the food employee consume while at work. As well some companies allow their employees to improve their skills or obtain additional education at the expense of the company. In such a case you can make an agreement where the cost of training will be separated in proportion to the amount of time that an employee must work out, such as 24 months. If a person retires before, for example, six months, he must pay one-quarter the cost of his training. At the same time managers have a responsibility to make the environment motivation friendly. This can be doneShow MoreRelatedHotel and Hospitality Industry4413 Words   |  18 Pages1. 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Theology 202 Study Guide 1 Free Essays

Theo 202: Quiz 1 Study online at quizlet. com/_b3aow 1. Define the doctrine of eternal security. We will write a custom essay sample on Theology 202 Study Guide 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Salvation in three tenses The Christian has the promise of God that no one can separate him from God. 1. The Christian has been saved from the guilt and penalty of sin. 2. The Christian is being saved from the habit and dominion of sin. 3. the Christian will be saved at the Lord’s return. True. 13. 2. What was the significance of the council of Dort and it’s impact in defining he system referred to as Calvinism Define Grace O. T. en were saved as they are in the N. T. by faith. O. T. expressed their faith by obedience to the law of God What is T. U. L. I. P. Held in 1618 in the Netherlands, determined that Arminianism was hersey, reaffirmed the reformed teaching of John Calvin, and stated their conclusiion in the five points known as TULIP 14. The good pleasure of God extended to save an undeserving sinful man. True. 3. Salvation is a dynamic quality of life, not just a passive point. Who is the founder of Arminianism How do Arminians redefine the original sin? 15. 4. Jacob Hermann. A man becomes a sinner only when he consciously and voluntarily sins, thus appropriating the sin nature of Adam. The idea that Christ wold save and then allow a convert to lose what he did not merit nor achieved in repentance, causes one to question not only His work, but also His character. Means that God first decreed to save the elect, then He decreed that Christ would die and provide salvation for them. Means the decree to save came after a person had sinned and after Christ had died for him. God decreed who would be saved (the elect) and the act of salvation in the same decree. John Wesley, John Fletcher, Francis Asbury, Charles Grandison-Finney. 5. 16. 6. How does the Arminian system depreciate the completed work of Christ by the denial of the security of the believer? Supralapsarian Total depravity. Unconditional election. Limited atonement. Irresistible grace. Perseverance of the saints. Means a turning to God from sin on the part of the sinner. It is the human side while regeneration is the divine side. 17. What is conversion How is conversion distinguished from regeneration? Define repentance How does repentance affect intellect? How does repentance affect emotions How does repentance affect the will of man? What is faith? What is justification? 18. 7. 19. Means to change one’s mind about sin. It changes our thoughts. 8. Sublapsarian 20. 9. Infralapsarian 21. It changes our feelings, makes one have genuine regret. It is an actual forsakiing of sin and an actual turning to God. (most vital) The substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. An act whereby God declares a person righteous when that person accepts Gods word. Makes man perfect in God’s sight, it’s not that man has become perfect, only that god has declared him righteous and therefore he stands perfect in the sight of God. 10. List other church leaders that popularized the â€Å"Arminian doctrinal system. What tests that are used to verify theological truths 22. 23. 11. 1. Consistency 2. Correspondence 3. Priority of data 4. Cohesiveness 5. Thoroughness Separation. 24. 12. What does sanctification mean 25. What is regeneration? The work of God through the Holy Spirit, of placing in one who has faith, a new nature capable of doing the will of God. The Holy Spirit. 38. Bibliography is the theology of scripture Theology proper is the theology of God Christology is the theology of Christians Pneumatology is the theology of the Holy Spirit Anthropology is the theology of History What is total depravity? What is unconditional election? What is limited atonement? What is Irresistible grace? What is perserverance of the saints? What is the basis of faith? True. 39. True. 26. What is the agent of regeneration according to scripture What is the positional emphasis of adoption within the context of soteriology? What are the illustrations found in the New Testament by which the doctrine of union with Christ is taught? 27. He receives the position of son of God instead of child of God like in regeneration. 1. Building and foundation- Christ is foundation and beleivers are construction material. 2. Husband and wives 3. Vine and branches, 4. Body of Christ 5. Human race and adam= union of the beliver with the second adam The relationship with God which we enter by faith in Jesus Christ. Experiential or practical sanctifiction in present life. Involves struggles of victory and defeat of the Christian. God continues to work in teh life of every Christian. Consmmational santification, for God will not complete the process until we either die or are raptured. where God rescues man from the eternal ruin and doom of sin and bestows on him the riches of His grace and eternal life Salvation ceases to be a free gift because in part a person is responsible for the retention of their salvation. Their belief in God. 40. False. 41. True. 28. 42. False. 43. 29. What is positional sanctification? What is progressive sanctification? Any man in his natural state is incapable or unable to do anything to please or gain merit before God. When a man obtains salvation because God began the process by choosing him without any outside influence. When Jesus died He died for those that were chosen by God. Since God of His own free will has chosen (elected) man and Christ has died for him then man cannot resist the power of God that brings hm to salvation. Since man has absolutely nothing to do with his salvation, he will persevere because the Saviour has declared that he has eternal life. Intellectual faith. 44. 30. 45. 46. 31. What is prospective sanctification What is salvation? 32. 47. 48. 33. How does the Arminian belief in apostasy may lead to an implied salvation-byworks doctrine? To what is the validity of one’s faith measured? What is salvation accomplished (justification)? What is salvation applied? Prolegomena is the theology of things that are said before. 34. 35. It includes the redemption by blood, the reconciliation of man to God. It includes evangelism, regeneratioin, sanctification, and discipleship. True. 36. 37. How to cite Theology 202 Study Guide 1, Essay examples

Ease of Doing Business -Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Visit the World Banks Ease of Doing Business site (www.doingbusines.org). Select a country of your choice and review the report. What factors are reassuring in this report and what issues are of concern? Answer: Ease of Doing Business -Australia Noteworthy, the Doing the business directory economic profile for Australia propelled this analysis. The report provides various economic indicators which might be good or not for starting up a business. The report on Australia was made this year.Overall, Australia has a conducive business startup conditions for upcoming business. Primarily, there is better credit access, simplified tax payment procedure, low business startup registration fees. However, it has a few challenges for an upcoming employer such as an obligation for severance pay in case of worker dismissal. Reassuring Factors Noteworthy, Australia offers an incentive of half registration fees and online registration to upcoming business which is ideal for new investors in the country. Through the cut down registration fees, new investors are able to save on startup costs which is likely to boost business growth. In addition, the Australia tax payment system for businesses has been made simpler due to the fact that taxes are payable online and also following the abolition of stamp duty on contracts(("Abolition of NSW Duty on Business Assets | Revenue NSW", 2018). Contract enforcement-Noteworthy, Australia ranks 7 out of 100, of the countries favorable for investment. Further, there is simplified online registration procedure. Moreover, Australia is ranked 3 in the enforcement of contracts and resolving disputes thus making it a good venue for business because an investor will be able to reap benefits faster owing to speedy implementation of contracts. For construction based business ventures, Australia is the place to do business this year. Specifically, Australian construction permits have increased by 17.1% since January this year. All in all, Australia is the best startup venue for a business. Simplified Permit Procedure This assertion is attributed to the fact that the Australian construction permit system has been streamlined thereby taking less time for the process to be completed. Also Owing to hard economic times, employers period for notifying workers of their dismissal for work has greatly reduced. This is advantageous for the employers due to the fact that they might be able to let go of a redundant employee faster. Notably, access to credit facilities has been made easier in Australia following the implementation of the enforceable personal property securities. Further, the collateral registry unification will make it easier for upcoming investors to access financial facilities to actualize their business ideas. Credit Access-Due to the security availability. With the easy accessibility to credit facilities, it is easier to start up a business in Australia than anywhere else hence good investment destination. Concern issues. Labor Market Regulation.-Despite the above incentives for starting business ventures in Australia, challenges likely to face upcoming investors. With the Introduction of the severance pay obligation on employers in instances of redundant workers dismissal are likely to cost employers a substantial amount of money (fairwork, 2018).In addition, the entitlement of workers to increased annual leave is not necessarily good news for potential employers. This is because despite longer leave, the employees are entitled to payments. This could mean reduced volume of production for the business thus less revenue. Despite all these, employees on leave are entitled. References Abolition of NSW Duty on Business Assets | Revenue NSW. (2018).Revenue.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.revenue.nsw.gov.au/taxes/abolished/iga/factsheet/abolition-nsw-duty-business-assets Doing Business (2018).Reforming to create jobs.[Online].https://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Profiles/Country/AUS.pdf Fairwork.gov.au. (2018) Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/723/Notice-of-termination-and-redundancy-pay.pdf.aspx Trading Economics. (2018).Australian Building Permits. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/building-permit