Child and Adolescent Care for Tumor and Lymph -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChild and Adolescent Care for Tumor and LymphNodeCalculi. Answer: Introduction. An appendix is a hollow tubule that comes up from the surface of the caecum just below the valve of ileocecal. Anna developed appendicitis caused by obstruction by foreign substances such as a tumor, lymph node calculi or fecal matter. The dynamic changes that occur to a person from birth as they progress is referred to as grow and development. Basically, Anna was still growing since she had not attained the age of 20. Development of a persons organs in the human body starts from twenty years onwards. Family related care aims at ensuring that the hospitalized patients are able to feel the companionship from it is members and adherence to their culture. Nursing care to the patient is achieved optimally when the family participates in the care of their hospitalized ones. Consent in family care was essential during the treatment of Anna. The parents were able to consent before Anna went to surgery since she was a minor. The parents were bound legally and ethically through the consent as they were informed of the risks and benefits of the procedure. Pathophysiology of appendicitis. An appendix is a hollow tubule that comes up from the surface of the caecum just below the valve of ileocecal. Anna developed appendicitis caused by obstruction by foreign substances such as a tumor, lymph node calculi or fecal matter. The appendix becomes inflamed when it is obstructed leading to perforation by the appendiceal calculi. Availability of the iliac tissue at the appendix may illustrates that the appendix plays a role in immune system. The appendix functions as a neuroendocrine and also works as an immunological structure. Lymphoid aggregates that exist in large numbers illustrates the pathophysiologic role it played on Annas body. An increase in pressure when the appendix is obstructed makes her unable to drain the mucosal secretions (Keyzer Gevenois, 2013). The bacteria that was available in the appendix remains trapped triggering the body immune system to respond by deploying white blood cells to the appendix. This leads to abdominal pain as ischemia develops. Development of ischemia led to the attack of the appenciceal wall leading to irritation of nearby tissues such as the peritoneal wall. The swelling increased leading to hypoxia that triggered necrosis leading to perforation of the serosal layer. Abscess was formed during the perforation of the serosal layer of the appendix (Bowen, 2015). The symptom of appendicitis at it is initial stages is identified by the dull periumbilical anguish that leads to development of nausea making Anna to be vomiting. The anguish experienced by Anna at the initial stage later moved to the quadrant on the right of her stomach. During the migration, she developed a fever and an increase of the urge to urinate and defecate. Lack of obstruction during the surgery implied that the obstruction Anna had was caused by a bacterial, viral or parasitic infection. Appendicitis was physically examined through the tenderness that was localized to the right quadrant of Annas stomach. The tenderness confirmed that the peritoneal was inflamed. Guarding and rigidity examinations confirmed the probability of Anna suffering from appendicitis. The guarding and rigidity test was reported positive as Anna reported increased anguish whenever pressure was applied to the right lower quadrant. The right lower quadrant also illustrated the Rovsing sign whenever sh e was palpated. Annas appendicitis was diagnosed positively as her appendix was already perforated. The thin appendiceal wall of Anna predisposed her to appendicitis as it was not developed fully (Majumdar, 2014). Growth and developmental theory. The dynamic changes that occur to a person from birth as they progress is referred to as grow and development. Basically, Anna was still growing since she had not attained the age of 20. Development of a persons organs in the human body starts from twenty years onwards. In growth phase, there is an increase in the physical size of a person which can be confirmed by various indicators such as weight, height, bone size and dental growth. The growth rate is relatively slow during childhood and it is at it is peak during the adolescent stage. Physical growth during adulthood is barely noticeable. Development is achieved when an organ in the body is able to perform complex duties as it adopts to the environment (Cameron Bogin, 2014). Children should be introduced to sexual health from the age of fifteen so that they understand better their body changes and how to take care of themselves. Freud psychosexual development theory is classified into five stages. The first stage called the oral stage has people who range from birth to one and half years old.it is characterized to the stage at which the child is exploring. The basic concern to the oral stage children is security as weaning is their major conflict. At this stage, the mother is fully tasked to care for the child as the organs are growing. The second stage is the anal stage ranging from one and half to three years old. In this stage, toilet training is the major conflict as the child is learning on how to control his or her bowels. Phallic stage ranges from four years to six years. In this stage, the child is surrounded by the Oedipus and Electra challenges (Pressley McCormick, 2014). The latency stage ranges from six years to puberty. In this stage, the child growth is drastic and their energy is directed to physical roles as well as intellectual ones as they interact. Anna was classified at the latency stage . Her appendix was still growing during the time of treatment. The genital stage ranges from puberty to old age. In this stage, one develops critical thinking skills and understand the consequences of their actions. In the genital stage, various body organs start to develop and adapt to their roles (Quindeau Bendix, 2013). Family related care. Family related care aims at ensuring that the hospitalized patients are able to feel the companionship from it is members and adherence to their culture. Nursing care to the patient is achieved optimally when the family participates in the care of their hospitalized ones. Family participation was vital when handling Anna since the parents were able to provide much information during diagnosis. Consent in family care was essential during the treatment of Anna. The parents were able to consent before Anna went to surgery since she was a minor. The parents were bound legally and ethically through the consent as they were informed of the risks and benefits of the procedure (Barnsteiner, 2014). The nurse provides additional information by issuing written consent, give an overview of the informed consent, guide the client through the components of the consent and verify that the client has understood before signing. The siblings need moral support and constant assurance that Anna was getti ng better. Relevant information was passed through as per their level of understanding. The family and extended family function to provide comfort to the patient and ease the care giving burden. Cultural influence also is supposed to be explained to the parents so that they are aware on the necessary care required of them. The cultural influence was discussed to the advantage of the patient (Carpenito Fry, 2014). Effect of hospitalization. Neonatal care entails both prenatal and post-natal care. Neonatal care is a process in which a mother is guided through in reference to standard procedures for safe care of the baby. This ranges from immunization at birth to when the baby grows into a child. Adolescent care entails equipping the grown child with relevant information on various health concerns to issues on their sexuality, drug and substance abuse, behavior change and psychosocial concerns (Yearwood, Pearson Newland, 2012). A childs concern when hospitalized include: fear on something that hurts can make her feel better. Children always fear injections and generally surgery. Fear of pain was also a concern and taking of medicine (Hazinski, 2013). The fear of taking medicine as well as being isolated from the family members were some of the concerns the concerns expressed by Hazinski in his book Nursing care for ill children were also noted when Anna was hospitalized. Anna was having. Anna was affected during the first three days but she adapted to the hospital setting as she was recovering. The regular visits by her family members helped her cope. Conclusion. Child and adolescent nursing care requires support both from the parents and the nurses. Family care helps in relieving some burden from the patient when he or she is hospitalized. Whenever a child or adolescent is hospitalized, fear of pain is a concern and taking of medicine. The fear of taking medicine as well as being isolated from the family members are some of the concerns one has when hospitalized. Anna was affected during the first three days but she adapted to the hospital setting as she was recovering. The regular visits by her family members helped her cope. Early and proper communication between children and adult care providers enables them to understand the importance of the various processes in the health care. References Barnsteiner, J., Sigma Theta Tau International, Walton, M., Disch, J. (2014). Person and Family Centered Care. Sigma Theta Tau International. Bowen, W. (2015). Appendicitis. Cambridge Univ Press. Cameron, N., Bogin, B. (2013). Human Growth and Development. London: Academic Press. Carpenito, L., Fry, P. (2014). Nursing care plans. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Hazinski, M. (2013). Nursing care of the critically ill child. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby. Keyzer, C., Gevenois, P. Imaging of Acute Appendicitis in Adults and Children. Philadelphia: Wiley Blackwell. Majumdar, P., Majumdar, J., Majumdar, J., Banerjee, D. (2014). Appendicitis (3rd ed.). New Delhi: B. Jain. Pressley, M., McCormick, C. (2007). Child and adolescent development for educators. New York: Guilford Press. Quindeau, I., Bendix, J. (2013). Seduction and desire. London: Karnac Books. Yearwood, E., Pearson, G., Newland, J. (2012). Child and adolescent behavioral health. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.