Ease of Doing Business -Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Visit the World Banks Ease of Doing Business site (www.doingbusines.org). Select a country of your choice and review the report. What factors are reassuring in this report and what issues are of concern? Answer: Ease of Doing Business -Australia Noteworthy, the Doing the business directory economic profile for Australia propelled this analysis. The report provides various economic indicators which might be good or not for starting up a business. The report on Australia was made this year.Overall, Australia has a conducive business startup conditions for upcoming business. Primarily, there is better credit access, simplified tax payment procedure, low business startup registration fees. However, it has a few challenges for an upcoming employer such as an obligation for severance pay in case of worker dismissal. Reassuring Factors Noteworthy, Australia offers an incentive of half registration fees and online registration to upcoming business which is ideal for new investors in the country. Through the cut down registration fees, new investors are able to save on startup costs which is likely to boost business growth. In addition, the Australia tax payment system for businesses has been made simpler due to the fact that taxes are payable online and also following the abolition of stamp duty on contracts(("Abolition of NSW Duty on Business Assets | Revenue NSW", 2018). Contract enforcement-Noteworthy, Australia ranks 7 out of 100, of the countries favorable for investment. Further, there is simplified online registration procedure. Moreover, Australia is ranked 3 in the enforcement of contracts and resolving disputes thus making it a good venue for business because an investor will be able to reap benefits faster owing to speedy implementation of contracts. For construction based business ventures, Australia is the place to do business this year. Specifically, Australian construction permits have increased by 17.1% since January this year. All in all, Australia is the best startup venue for a business. Simplified Permit Procedure This assertion is attributed to the fact that the Australian construction permit system has been streamlined thereby taking less time for the process to be completed. Also Owing to hard economic times, employers period for notifying workers of their dismissal for work has greatly reduced. This is advantageous for the employers due to the fact that they might be able to let go of a redundant employee faster. Notably, access to credit facilities has been made easier in Australia following the implementation of the enforceable personal property securities. Further, the collateral registry unification will make it easier for upcoming investors to access financial facilities to actualize their business ideas. Credit Access-Due to the security availability. With the easy accessibility to credit facilities, it is easier to start up a business in Australia than anywhere else hence good investment destination. Concern issues. Labor Market Regulation.-Despite the above incentives for starting business ventures in Australia, challenges likely to face upcoming investors. With the Introduction of the severance pay obligation on employers in instances of redundant workers dismissal are likely to cost employers a substantial amount of money (fairwork, 2018).In addition, the entitlement of workers to increased annual leave is not necessarily good news for potential employers. This is because despite longer leave, the employees are entitled to payments. This could mean reduced volume of production for the business thus less revenue. Despite all these, employees on leave are entitled. References Abolition of NSW Duty on Business Assets | Revenue NSW. (2018).Revenue.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.revenue.nsw.gov.au/taxes/abolished/iga/factsheet/abolition-nsw-duty-business-assets Doing Business (2018).Reforming to create jobs.[Online].https://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Profiles/Country/AUS.pdf Fairwork.gov.au. (2018) Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/723/Notice-of-termination-and-redundancy-pay.pdf.aspx Trading Economics. (2018).Australian Building Permits. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/building-permit

Child and Adolescent Care for Tumor and Lymph -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChild and Adolescent Care for Tumor and LymphNodeCalculi. Answer: Introduction. An appendix is a hollow tubule that comes up from the surface of the caecum just below the valve of ileocecal. Anna developed appendicitis caused by obstruction by foreign substances such as a tumor, lymph node calculi or fecal matter. The dynamic changes that occur to a person from birth as they progress is referred to as grow and development. Basically, Anna was still growing since she had not attained the age of 20. Development of a persons organs in the human body starts from twenty years onwards. Family related care aims at ensuring that the hospitalized patients are able to feel the companionship from it is members and adherence to their culture. Nursing care to the patient is achieved optimally when the family participates in the care of their hospitalized ones. Consent in family care was essential during the treatment of Anna. The parents were able to consent before Anna went to surgery since she was a minor. The parents were bound legally and ethically through the consent as they were informed of the risks and benefits of the procedure. Pathophysiology of appendicitis. An appendix is a hollow tubule that comes up from the surface of the caecum just below the valve of ileocecal. Anna developed appendicitis caused by obstruction by foreign substances such as a tumor, lymph node calculi or fecal matter. The appendix becomes inflamed when it is obstructed leading to perforation by the appendiceal calculi. Availability of the iliac tissue at the appendix may illustrates that the appendix plays a role in immune system. The appendix functions as a neuroendocrine and also works as an immunological structure. Lymphoid aggregates that exist in large numbers illustrates the pathophysiologic role it played on Annas body. An increase in pressure when the appendix is obstructed makes her unable to drain the mucosal secretions (Keyzer Gevenois, 2013). The bacteria that was available in the appendix remains trapped triggering the body immune system to respond by deploying white blood cells to the appendix. This leads to abdominal pain as ischemia develops. Development of ischemia led to the attack of the appenciceal wall leading to irritation of nearby tissues such as the peritoneal wall. The swelling increased leading to hypoxia that triggered necrosis leading to perforation of the serosal layer. Abscess was formed during the perforation of the serosal layer of the appendix (Bowen, 2015). The symptom of appendicitis at it is initial stages is identified by the dull periumbilical anguish that leads to development of nausea making Anna to be vomiting. The anguish experienced by Anna at the initial stage later moved to the quadrant on the right of her stomach. During the migration, she developed a fever and an increase of the urge to urinate and defecate. Lack of obstruction during the surgery implied that the obstruction Anna had was caused by a bacterial, viral or parasitic infection. Appendicitis was physically examined through the tenderness that was localized to the right quadrant of Annas stomach. The tenderness confirmed that the peritoneal was inflamed. Guarding and rigidity examinations confirmed the probability of Anna suffering from appendicitis. The guarding and rigidity test was reported positive as Anna reported increased anguish whenever pressure was applied to the right lower quadrant. The right lower quadrant also illustrated the Rovsing sign whenever sh e was palpated. Annas appendicitis was diagnosed positively as her appendix was already perforated. The thin appendiceal wall of Anna predisposed her to appendicitis as it was not developed fully (Majumdar, 2014). Growth and developmental theory. The dynamic changes that occur to a person from birth as they progress is referred to as grow and development. Basically, Anna was still growing since she had not attained the age of 20. Development of a persons organs in the human body starts from twenty years onwards. In growth phase, there is an increase in the physical size of a person which can be confirmed by various indicators such as weight, height, bone size and dental growth. The growth rate is relatively slow during childhood and it is at it is peak during the adolescent stage. Physical growth during adulthood is barely noticeable. Development is achieved when an organ in the body is able to perform complex duties as it adopts to the environment (Cameron Bogin, 2014). Children should be introduced to sexual health from the age of fifteen so that they understand better their body changes and how to take care of themselves. Freud psychosexual development theory is classified into five stages. The first stage called the oral stage has people who range from birth to one and half years old.it is characterized to the stage at which the child is exploring. The basic concern to the oral stage children is security as weaning is their major conflict. At this stage, the mother is fully tasked to care for the child as the organs are growing. The second stage is the anal stage ranging from one and half to three years old. In this stage, toilet training is the major conflict as the child is learning on how to control his or her bowels. Phallic stage ranges from four years to six years. In this stage, the child is surrounded by the Oedipus and Electra challenges (Pressley McCormick, 2014). The latency stage ranges from six years to puberty. In this stage, the child growth is drastic and their energy is directed to physical roles as well as intellectual ones as they interact. Anna was classified at the latency stage . Her appendix was still growing during the time of treatment. The genital stage ranges from puberty to old age. In this stage, one develops critical thinking skills and understand the consequences of their actions. In the genital stage, various body organs start to develop and adapt to their roles (Quindeau Bendix, 2013). Family related care. Family related care aims at ensuring that the hospitalized patients are able to feel the companionship from it is members and adherence to their culture. Nursing care to the patient is achieved optimally when the family participates in the care of their hospitalized ones. Family participation was vital when handling Anna since the parents were able to provide much information during diagnosis. Consent in family care was essential during the treatment of Anna. The parents were able to consent before Anna went to surgery since she was a minor. The parents were bound legally and ethically through the consent as they were informed of the risks and benefits of the procedure (Barnsteiner, 2014). The nurse provides additional information by issuing written consent, give an overview of the informed consent, guide the client through the components of the consent and verify that the client has understood before signing. The siblings need moral support and constant assurance that Anna was getti ng better. Relevant information was passed through as per their level of understanding. The family and extended family function to provide comfort to the patient and ease the care giving burden. Cultural influence also is supposed to be explained to the parents so that they are aware on the necessary care required of them. The cultural influence was discussed to the advantage of the patient (Carpenito Fry, 2014). Effect of hospitalization. Neonatal care entails both prenatal and post-natal care. Neonatal care is a process in which a mother is guided through in reference to standard procedures for safe care of the baby. This ranges from immunization at birth to when the baby grows into a child. Adolescent care entails equipping the grown child with relevant information on various health concerns to issues on their sexuality, drug and substance abuse, behavior change and psychosocial concerns (Yearwood, Pearson Newland, 2012). A childs concern when hospitalized include: fear on something that hurts can make her feel better. Children always fear injections and generally surgery. Fear of pain was also a concern and taking of medicine (Hazinski, 2013). The fear of taking medicine as well as being isolated from the family members were some of the concerns the concerns expressed by Hazinski in his book Nursing care for ill children were also noted when Anna was hospitalized. Anna was having. Anna was affected during the first three days but she adapted to the hospital setting as she was recovering. The regular visits by her family members helped her cope. Conclusion. Child and adolescent nursing care requires support both from the parents and the nurses. Family care helps in relieving some burden from the patient when he or she is hospitalized. Whenever a child or adolescent is hospitalized, fear of pain is a concern and taking of medicine. The fear of taking medicine as well as being isolated from the family members are some of the concerns one has when hospitalized. Anna was affected during the first three days but she adapted to the hospital setting as she was recovering. The regular visits by her family members helped her cope. Early and proper communication between children and adult care providers enables them to understand the importance of the various processes in the health care. References Barnsteiner, J., Sigma Theta Tau International, Walton, M., Disch, J. (2014). Person and Family Centered Care. Sigma Theta Tau International. Bowen, W. (2015). Appendicitis. Cambridge Univ Press. Cameron, N., Bogin, B. (2013). Human Growth and Development. London: Academic Press. Carpenito, L., Fry, P. (2014). Nursing care plans. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Hazinski, M. (2013). Nursing care of the critically ill child. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby. Keyzer, C., Gevenois, P. Imaging of Acute Appendicitis in Adults and Children. Philadelphia: Wiley Blackwell. Majumdar, P., Majumdar, J., Majumdar, J., Banerjee, D. (2014). Appendicitis (3rd ed.). New Delhi: B. Jain. Pressley, M., McCormick, C. (2007). Child and adolescent development for educators. New York: Guilford Press. Quindeau, I., Bendix, J. (2013). Seduction and desire. London: Karnac Books. Yearwood, E., Pearson, G., Newland, J. (2012). Child and adolescent behavioral health. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches Essay Example

Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches Essay This paper will analyze two strategic initiatives of an organization and how they match up with the HR approaches. Many organizations realize that it is their people who bring them a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Well planned HR management policies and practices are one of the common denominators of successful organizations. Let us take a look at how two strategic initiatives of an organization play a role in HR management. First initiative is diversity. Most American companies embrace and encourage diversity amongst their employees. These companies believe that diversity brings different approaches to product development and leads the way to globalization; all of which manifests in profit. Second initiative is promoting health and safety at work. Unsafe work conditions or occupational health issues can impact an organization’s bottom-line. In many organizations, one of the major goals is to reduce occupational hazards, avoid injuries, and minimize manpower loss. HR must accommodate the needs of the organization. Ivancevich amp; Konopaske (2013) said, â€Å"today, because of the recognition of the crucial importance of people, HRM in an increasing number of organizations has become a major player in developing strategic plans and facilitating changes within the organization† (p. 8). ? Strategic Initiative 1: Diversity Companies realize that employing diversity at workforce will give them a better understanding of the demographics of the marketplace they serve thus creating a competitive edge for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ivancecich amp; Konopaske (2013) asserted that an increasing number of studies illustrated that diversity-friendly strategies have a significant impact on the end results (p. 50). Companies create an image of being socially responsible while increasing their profit margin by expanding their consumer base. HR approaches are diverted into seeking diversity in their candidate pool ensuring the workforce contains diverse employees. While seeking for diversity in a candidate pool, HR must create an environment for its diverse workforce that effective and non-discriminatory. Strategic Initiative 2: Promoting Health and Safety Safety hazards are anything such as an environment, material, or equipment that can potentially cause bodily injury or death. Health hazards are dangers to health resulting from continuous exposure to environmental pollutants, such as asbestos, radiation or fumes, or cigarette smoking, chemical abuse, or continuous use of equipment that gradually causes deterioration of health such as carpal tunnel syndrome. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, â€Å"the overall rate of severe occupational injuries/illnesses remained essentially unchanged in 2011 at 117 cases per 10,000 full-time workers† (http://www. bls. gov/news. release/archives/cfoi_09202012. htm). A huge responsibility lays on HR management with the company’s strategic initiative of promoting health and safety at work. The HR approach should be to promote safety training and wellness programs. Although these are costly approaches, lack of them could be even more detrimental to company’s bottom line. HR must consider several issues as described by Ivancevichamp; Konopaske (2013): * â€Å"Are safety rules being observed? How many near misses have occurred? * Are safety guards, protective equipment, and so on being used? * Are there potentially hazards in the workplace that safety redesign could improve? * Are there potentially occupational health hazards? † (p. 539). Additionally, HR must have a preventative wellness approach to minimize any potential loss of work and protect company employees against recurring environmental culprits such as allergies and flu. Smoking cessation programs, free mammography are great HR approaches to maintain employee health. In order to minimize loss of work, large organizations maintain company medical offices where a full time nurse by stands. These offices provide flu shots or immediate intervention in providing medical care. Conclusion HR practices need to be aligned with the strategic initiatives of the organization. Employees’ safety and well-being is as important to an organization as creating a platform of diversity. While diversity provides a company greater reach in the marketplace, safe environment assures work continuation and less legal problems. Expanding market reach and safety at work both result in either dollars saved or dollars earned. When it becomes a strategic initiative for an organization to create diversity or safe workplace, HR becomes the most important function upon which to rely. Although, at times, it might be costly to maintain safety at work, provide initiatives for the well-being of employees, or create programs to integrate diversity at workplace, HR must continue to seek out opportunities that create a platform where company goals can be achieved. References Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries News Release. (2012, September 20). U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 4, 2013, from http://www. bls. gov/news. release/archives/cfoi_09202012. htm Ivancevich, J. M. , amp; Konopaske, R. (2013). Human Resource Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Attacks essays

Attacks essays Franklin Delano Roosevelt and George W. Bush are presidents who faced markedly different times, economic issues and social concerns. However, they have one tragic fact in common: they were both sitting presidents when the United States experienced surprise attacks from countries or entities outside the United States. Roosevelt was President during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and Bush was president on September 11, 2001, when the terrorist organization al-Queda attacked New York City and Both incidents resulted in the United States going to war with wide support from the American public, and allegations have since arisen that both presidents knew about the likelihood of the attacks before they There's no doubt that both attacks came as a complete surprise to most people. Roosevelt called the attack on Pearl Harbor a day that would live in infamy, and the immediate circumstances surrounding the attack certainly supported that view. The attack made it impossible to not declare war on Japan, and since Japan had signed an agreement with the Axis Powers, this meant we were also at war with Germany and Italy. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the great majority of American realized we had experienced a terrorist attack, which made it unclear at first just whom we should declare war on. In some ways the 2001 attack was even more outrageous to Americans than the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. In 1941, Japan had chosen military targets. In 2001, al-Queda hit only one military target which resulted in a small minority of the casualties compared to the thousands of people who died in New York City when they attacked civilian targets. By September 15th, formal opinion in the government had formed that the terrorist group al-Queda was behind the attacks as they had claimed. President Bush's administration had already made it clear that we...

Company offering digital audio book services to the King Abdul Aziz Coursework

Company offering digital audio book services to the King Abdul Aziz University in Saudi Arabia - Coursework Example The researcher demonstrates the company that will be offering digital audio book services to the King Abdul Aziz University in Saudi Arabia. University operates under the control of government and is one of the leading universities in the region. University has a large library and is willing to digitalize the books in order to reduce the costs as well as the storage capacity. Our firm will therefore offer the services of digitalizing the books and will deliver the same through a website based services to students of the university. This company will be a joint venture between our company and the University of King Abdul Aziz in Saudi Arabia. Company will operate as a joint venture with the university in order to develop audio-book services for the students of the university. The overall aim of the firm is to persuade the universities to build a long term relationship with our firms so that the cost effective services can be offered to them. Further, firm also intends to develop a bra nd image which can persuade students to purchase our low cost books in place of traditional paper based books for study purposes. We are a new firm with the very limited resources and will be operating as a partnership firm. The firm will be engaged into the business of developing digital products for the educational institutions in order to help them to lower the costs for their students. There will be three partners involved in the overall ownership and organization of the firm. Each partner will be contributing capital as well as the manpower to the organization in order to help the firm to grow and expand.... Thus the aim of this firm is to lower the cost of study through effective e-commerce solutions.( Epstein, 2004) It is also important to note that our mission statement is focused upon developing technologies which can help to transform conventional paper based books to audio ebooks to make learning easy for the students. The digitalization of the books therefore will allow the students to easily get as many copies of the books as they want and can use them in a relatively easier and different manner. Organizational Structure There will be four departments within the firm with one CEO controlling the overall affairs of the organization. Following departments will be directly reporting to CEO: 1. Production 2. Finance 3. Innovations 4. Legal department There will also be a market manager who will also be directly reporting to the CEO of the firm. Overall the structure will be centralized with CEO controlling most of the affairs of the firm. King Abdul Aziz University King Abdul Aziz Un iversity is one of the leading universities in Saudi Arabia and has flourished over the period of time. Founded in 1967 under the private ownership, university was overtaken by Government of Saudi Arabia. University now operates under the control of Ministry of Higher education of Saudi Arabia and gets it funding from government to finance its activities.1 One of the key requirements for the university is to have a well-established library to allow its students to have an access to the latest books and other material for study and research purposes. Over the period of time, universities from developed countries have made the efforts to digitalize their books in order to increase their portability as well as availability. Delivered through internet, these audio e-books allow students

Treatment of workers with disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Treatment of workers with disability - Essay Example There are annual awards to be won, stocks to be bought and customers to be wooed into buying the goods and services offered by a company. In order to this, all efforts have been made that surpass all logic. Some measures have to be introduced in order to ensure that businesses remain within the legal brackets. Otherwise the employers would work their staff to death in this competitive world of business. The business ethics sought of bring a semblance of sanity in a world that firms would do just about anything to remain at the top of their game. Working hours has been a major issue in the business world. Luckily, this has been quelled by the onset of overtime payments. A worker should be paid for the extra time they work outside their normal working schedule. Ethics are very important for a business. It involves the making of decisions that are in accordance to the firm’s culture. This largely involves the abandoning of methods that would lead to big profits within a short spa n of time, because such ambitions are usually the reason that businesses veer off the path of ethics. The ethical issues in a business are of major importance since they may attract to or send away customers from the company’s products. This will either boost sales or cause the sales to plummet. They may also encourage the employees to stay or equally send them away, hence affecting the firm’s productivity. Employee loyalty is very important to a firm. Apart from these, they may attract the employees to the firm. This will consequently reduce the recruitment costs and enable the firm to acquire the most talented of staff. Abiding with the ethics may also result to the attraction of investors which will increase the share prices and thwart any chances of the firm’s takeover. The most prevalent ethical issue in the business world in this paper will concern the treatment of workers with disability. There are laid out laws that prohibit the mistreatment of persons w ith disability. Campaigns have been carried out in order to change the people’s attitudes towards the disabled persons who have been viewed as outcasts. Disability is not by any means inability. Hence, the disabled people and especially workers should be accorded the same treatment as their normal counterparts. They are entitled to earning a living as the rest and should never be discriminated upon. At least that is what the business ethics state. Abercrombie and Fitch is a clothing retailing firm. In 2009, the firm was sued for allegedly hiding a student in the store stockroom who had been working in the store in the store stockroom because her prosthetic arm did not augur with the ‘look policy’ of the firm. The employee had been working as a sales assistant in the firm’s London outlet. The student, Riam Dean, twenty two years old and had been studying law at Greenford in west London. She related that the company transferred her form the shop’s flo or that was situated at the company’s Savile Row branch when her disability came to the attention of the management. Dean was born without her left forearm and had worn the prosthetic arm ever since she was three months old. She pressed charges against the company for disability discrimination which had left her feeling belittled and humiliated. This came after she had declined to take off her cardigan while at work in the store. She felt bullied out of the job and admits that this incident was one of the worst times in her entire life. She asked ? 25,000 in compensation for what she had undergone during her time in the stores. When she applied for the job, she had informed the management about her problem.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both part of a cyclic process of biochemical reactions. Photosynthesis requires the products of aerobic respiration (carbon dioxide and water), while aerobic respiration requires the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen). Together, these reactions are involved in how cells make and store energy. The energy transfers in both processes and in how the gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs and the end products that result from each process are somewhat opposite processes, thus aerobic respiration and photosynthesis are in some ways complete opposites of each other. Photosynthetic organisms such as plants use solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. During respiration glucose is oxidised back to carbon dioxide, in the process, releasing energy that is captured in the bonds of ATP. Although these two energy producing processes differ in their uses and also their goals, they do have several similarities. Photosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place in the presence of sunlight, wherein plants manufacture their food and build stores of energy. This phenomenon occurs in chlorophyll containing plant cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in plant leaves that gives the plant its green colour. Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy and utilises it to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. These carbohydrates produced are used by the plants as a source of immediate energy for growth, reproduction, and absorption of nutrients. The chemical reaction produces oxygen which is released into the atmosphere. Photosynthesis can be summed up by the following equation 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  C6H1206 + 6O2, (fig1 below illustrates the process of photosynthesis) Occurring in the chloroplast light reaction converts solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.The light reactions use the solar power of photons absorbed by Photosystem I and II. These are light gathering antennas containing the chlorophyll primarily responsible for absorbing the light. Electrons are also carried from Photosystem I and II via NADPH to the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle uses ATP NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar.CO2 enters the cycle leaves as sugar. The sugar product of the Calvin cycle is not glucose but a 3 carbon sugar called 3-Phosphoglycerate. This 3- Phosphoglycerate with the addition of another phosphate group from ATP forms glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate .In order for one of these G3P molecules to be synthesised the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2.There are 3 phases of the Calvin cycle, the carbon fixation phase, the carbon reduction phase and the regeneration phase. Cellular respiration is the process of oxidising food molecules or breaking down chemical bonds of glucose into carbon dioxide and water. The energy released in the process is trapped in the form of ATP and used by different energy consuming activities of the cell. It is a set of metabolic reactions that unlike photosynthesis which occurs in the chloroplast, cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. The complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water involves two major steps: glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose that occurs in all the cells and produces two molecules of ATP. Aerobic respiration is the process in which the pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis undergoes further breakdown in the presence of oxygen and generates thirty four molecules of ATP. This reaction can be described as follows: C6H1206 + 602 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38 ATP)(fig2 below illustrates cellular respiration) Cellular respiration beginning here with glycolysis catabolises glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The net yield from glycolysis is 2 ATP 2 NADH per glucose. Electrons are carried from here to the electron transport chain via NADH. Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where it gets modified to Acetyl COA. This then enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle completes the oxidation of the organic fuel to CO2.Electrons produced here are carried via NADH FADH2 to the electron transport chain oxidative phosphorylation. In the Krebs cycle a further 2 ATP is produced. Once there has been a sufficient energy shuttle of NADH from glycolysis, a maximum yield of 34 ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. This then gives a maximum of 38 ATP produced. Photosynthesis is a reduction-oxidation reaction, just like respiration. In respiration energy is released from sugars when electrons associated with hydrogen are transported to oxygen (the electron acceptor), and water is formed as a by-product.   The mitochondria use the energy released in this oxidation in order to synthesize ATP.  In photosynthesis, the electron flow is reversed, the water is split (not formed), and the electrons are transferred from the water to CO2 and in the process the energy is used to reduce the CO2 into sugar. In respiration the energy yield is 686 kcal per mole of glucose oxidized to CO2, while photosynthesis requires 686 kcal of energy to boost the electrons from the water to their high-energy perches in the reduced sugar light provides this energy. Outlined above are the main differences between the two processes. However, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two processes that both involve electron transport chains and they both affect conc entrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy to the organisms cells. It is interesting to note the structural similarities between Chlorophyll, that plays an important role in photosynthesis and Haemoglobin that is involved in cellular respiration. Both structures are practically identical except for the fact that haemoglobin has a central Iron atom and chlorophyll possesses a central Magnesium atom. Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Where chlorophyll is known for its green pigment, haemoglobin is known for its deep red pigment. (Fig3 illustrates structural  Similarities). Both photosynthesis and respiration are also similar in that they both undergo chemiosmosis.Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by this same basic mechanism. In both kinds of organelles ,electron transport chains pump protons (H+)across a membrane from a region of low H+ concentration to an area of high H+ concentration. The protons then diffuse back across the membrane through ATP syntheses, driving the synthesis of ATP. To conclude from this, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the most vital biochemical pathways to life. They both include cycles, stages and many enzymes to function. Although their similarities can be easily recognised, it is their differences that make them stand apart as opposite processes. Photosynthesis requiring light in order to produce its end product, carbohydrate, and cellular respiration requiring carbohydrate in order to produce its end product energy.